Degree of food processing and breast cancer risk: a prospective study in 9 European countries

Table 3 Associations between of NOVA groups (in g/d) and breast cancer risk, overall and by breast cancer subtypes

Breast cancer subtypes	N Cases	NOVA 1		NOVA 2		NOVA 3		NOVA 4
Breast cancer subtypes	N Cases	HR _{per 1 SD} (95%CI)^a	P_homogeneity	HR _{per 1 SD} (95%CI)^a	P_homogeneity	HR _{per 1 SD} (95%CI)^a	P_homogeneity	HR _{per 1 SD} (95%CI)^a	P_homogeneity
Overall	14,933	0.99 (0.97-1.01)		1.01 (0.98-1.03)		1.05 (1.03-1.07)		1.01 (0.99-1.03)
In situ	1603	0.97 (0.91-1.04)	0.63	1.00 (0.94-1.07)	0.87	1.01 (0.96-1.07)	0.18	1.01 (0.99-1.03)	0.87
Invasive	13,320	0.99 (0.97-1.01)		1.01 (0.98-1.03)		1.05 (1.03-1.07)		1.01 (0.95-1.07)
Invasive ER+	7789	0.99 (0.96-1.02)	0.54	1.00 (0.97-1.03)	0.29	1.06 (1.04-1.08)	0.86	1.00 (0.98-1.03)	0.11
Invasive ER-	1736	1.01 (0.95-1.07)		1.04 (0.98-1.10)		1.06 (1.01-1.11)		1.06 (1.00-1.11)
Invasive PR+	5268	0.99 (0.96-1.03)	0.56	1.01(0.98-1.04)	0.34	1.05 (1.03-1.08)	0.51	0.99 (0.95-1.02)	0.15
Invasive PR-	2726	0.98 (0.93-1.03)		0.98 (0.93-1.03)		1.07 (1.03-1.11)		1.03 (0.98-1.09)
Invasive HER2+	901	0.99 (0.91-1.08)	0.97	1.00 (0.92-1.09)	0.70	1.04 (0.98-1.12)	0.57	1.04 (0.97-1.13)	0.39
Invasive HER2-	3676	0.99 (0.95-1.03)		1.02 (0.98-1.06)		1.07 (1.03-1.10)		1.01 (0.97-1.03)

CI Confidence Interval, ER Estrogen Receptor, HER2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HR Hazard ratio, NOVA 1 unprocessed/minimally processed foods, NOVA 2 Processed culinary ingredients, NOVA 3 Processed foods, NOVA 4 Ultra-processed foods, PR Progesterone receptor, SD Standard deviation
^aModels were stratified by age and center and adjusted for education, height, physical activity, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, age at first full-term pregnancy, parity, breastfeeding, menopausal status and menopausal hormone therapy use. Each NOVA group was mutually adjusted for the other NOVA groups

ISSN: 2661-8974